Classical Dance of India: 7 Forms, 1 Tradition, and Endless Expression

Classical dance of India has an ancient tradition, as seen in excavations, inscriptions, literature, and mythology. It also highlights the significance of religious and social life. Many classical dance forms originated in temples, where the primary purpose was worship. While these dance forms evolved in different regions of India, they share common roots traced back to the ancient Sanskrit wording known as the Natya Shastra, which was first compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE.

The Natyashastra introduced the concept of three aspects of dance: Natya (dramatic), Nritya (expressional), and Nritta (pure dance). Classical dance of India is a vibrant expression of culture, blending storytelling with intricate movements and rhythms.

As time passed, the dancers and artists made many improvements and innovations to the classical dance of India, which led to the origin of different classical dance forms of India. Over time, classical dance has evolved into various styles: Bharatnatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Manipuri, Odissi, Sattriya, Kuchipudi, and Mohiniyattam. Because of these innovations, classical dance has become very popular in southern and northern India.

History And Evolution of Classical Dance of India

1. Ancient Roots: 

• Classical dance in India is rooted in the Natya Shastra, written by the sage Bharat Muni around 200 BCE to 200 CE. 

• The text laid down the foundation of dance, music, and drama, guiding traditional performances. 

2. Temple and Religious Origins: 

• Early classical dances were performed in temples as a form of worship, often dedicated to gods and goddesses. 

• Dance was used to tell mythological stories and express devotion. 

3. Key Classical Dance Forms: 

• Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu): One of the oldest dance forms, originating from temple traditions, known for its rhythmic footwork and expressive hand gestures. 

• Kathak (North India): Known for storytelling, intricate footwork, spins, and facial expressions. It evolved from temple rituals and later incorporated Persian influences during the Mughal period. 

• Kathakali (Kerala): A vibrant dance form combining expressive facial movements, elaborate costumes, and dramatic storytelling, often based on mythological tales. 

• Mohiniyattam (Kerala): A graceful dance form performed predominantly by women, characterized by soft, swaying movements and a focus on feminine grace. 

• Odissi (Odisha): Known for its sculptural poses, intricate footwork, and fluid movements, often performed in temples as a devotional offering. 

• Manipuri (Northeast India): A soft, lyrical dance form deeply rooted in spiritual traditions, particularly the worship of Radha and Krishna. 

• Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh): A dance-drama style that involves storytelling, rhythmic footwork, and dramatic expression, often accompanied by theatre elements. 

4. Decline During British Rule: 

• The colonial period saw a decline in traditional dance, as British authorities viewed it as archaic. 

• Dance forms like Bharatanatyam were marginalized, and temple dancers (Devadasis) were stigmatized. 

5. Revival in the 20th Century: 

• Early 20th century saw a revival of classical dance, with scholars and artists such as Rukmini Devi Arundale, Uday Shankar, and others working to revive and institutionalize these art forms. 

• Major classical dance forms gained recognition on national and international platforms. 

6. Modern Evolution: 

• Classical dance forms continue to evolve with modern influences, incorporating contemporary themes, music, and technology while preserving traditional techniques. 

• Today, these dances are celebrated worldwide for their cultural richness, storytelling, and connection to India’s spiritual and artistic heritage. 

7. Cultural Significance: 

• Classical dance of India remains an important medium for storytelling, spiritual expression, and cultural identity. 

• It serves as a bridge between India’s past and present, connecting generations through the shared experience of art and culture.

9 Rasas of Natyashashtra

The 9 Rasas (emotions) in Natya Shastra, an ancient Indian text on performing arts by Bharata Muni, are the fundamental emotional experiences conveyed in classical dance, drama, and music. These Rasas form the core of Indian performance art and are essential in creating emotional engagement with the audience. Each Rasa is associated with specific moods, colors, and elements. 

Here are the 9 Rasas: 

1. Shanta (Peace or Tranquility) 

• Mood: Calm, serene, and peaceful. 

• Description: This Rasa represents a sense of divine peace and tranquility, often linked to spiritual devotion. It is typically portrayed in meditation or serene settings. 

• Symbol: White color, purity. 

2. Bhayana (Fear) 

• Mood: Fear, anxiety, or terror. 

• Description: This Rasa reflects fear, often seen in tragic or dramatic performances where characters face life-threatening situations. 

• Symbol: Dark, ominous colors, trembling. 

3. Raudra (Anger) 

• Mood: Anger, rage, or fury. 

• Description: Portrays intense emotion such as wrath or violence, often expressed in dramatic confrontations. 

• Symbol: Red color, violence, aggression. 

4. Vira (Heroism) 

• Mood: Courage, heroism, and strength. 

• Description: Represents valor, bravery, and noble qualities, typically seen in heroes or warriors in battle. 

• Symbol: Bold colors, firmness. 

5. Karuna (Compassion) 

• Mood: Compassion, sorrow, or grief. 

• Description: This Rasa embodies feelings of sympathy or sadness, often portrayed in scenes of tragedy or loss. 

• Symbol: Soft colors, tears. 

6. Haasya (Laughter or Humor) 

• Mood: Joy, humor, or happiness. 

• Description: Expresses light-heartedness, wit, and laughter, often portrayed in comic scenes or joyous celebrations. 

• Symbol: Bright colors, laughter. 

7. Adbhuta (Wonder or Amazement) 

• Mood: Wonder, surprise, or amazement. 

• Description: Portrays awe and wonder at the divine or extraordinary, such as in miraculous events or breathtaking discoveries. 

• Symbol: Radiant colors, wide eyes. 

8. Shringara (Love or Romance) 

• Mood: Love, beauty, or romantic attraction. 

• Description: This Rasa depicts feelings of love, passion, or attraction, often associated with courtship, marriage, or divine love. 

• Symbol: Pink or red, romantic gestures. 

9. Bhakti (Devotion) 

• Mood: Devotion, reverence, or piety. 

• Description: Depicts a feeling of spiritual love or devotion towards a deity, often shown in the context of religious rituals or prayer. 

• Symbol: Soft, gentle colors, prayerful gestures. 

Classical Dance of India

Classical dance of India is a diverse and culturally rich art form, deeply rooted in the country’s ancient traditions and classical texts like Bharata’s Natyashastra. This art form encompasses various regional styles with unique characteristics and influences. There are various classical dance forms in India. The classical dance of India not only showcases the skill of the dancer but also communicates profound stories from mythology and ancient texts.

Classical Dance of India are listed below with their origin:

Dance forms	States	Important Points
Bharatnatyam	Tamil Nadu	1. Ekaharya dance style. 2. Emphasises expressive eye movements and hand gestures. 3. Accompanied by a traditional orchestra. 4. Comprises seven main parts in a typical performance.
Kathak	North India	1. Derives from the word Katha, meaning story. 2. Historical temple and village origins. 3. Gained distinctive style in the 15th-16th centuries. 4. Notable for footwork and recitation of verses. 5. Associated with Hindustani music.
Manipuri	Manipur	1. Rooted in Manipur’s rituals and traditional festivals. 2. Associated with gods, goddesses, and creation legends. 3. Lai Haraoba is the earliest dance form. 4. Ras, Sankirtana, and Thang-Ta are popular forms. 5. Kirtan accompanies Sankirtana. 6. Dancers use Pung and Kartal, no ankle bells.
Odissi	Odisha	1. Features lore of Lord Vishnu and Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda. 2. Emphasises soft dance with graceful mudras. 3. Distinct postures like Tribhanga and Chowk.
Kathakali	Kerala	1. Influenced by Kerala’s ritual performing arts. 2. Combines dance, music, and acting. 3. Elaborate costumes, masks, and makeup. 4. Depicts roles through makeup, narration, and music. 5. Uses facial colours to express the character.
Sattriya	Assam	1. Introduced by Vaishnava saint Sankaradeva. 2. Governed by strict principles and religious character. 3. Two streams: Bhaona-related and independent dance numbers. 4. Chali is known for grace and Jhumura for vigour. 5. Traditional art linked to monasteries.
Kuchipudi	Andhra Pradesh	1. Originated in Andhra Pradesh’s Kuchipudi village. 2. Developed as dance-drama. 3. Prominent use of costumes and jewellery. 4. Features both group and solo performances. 5. Notable solo items include Manduka Shabdam and Tala Chitra Nritya.
Mohiniyattam	Kerala	1. Classical solo dance from Kerala. 2. Historical references in Vyavahar Amala and Ghoshayatra. 3. Structured by the Travancore Kings. 4. Combines elements of Bharatanatyam and Kathakali. 5. Performed by girls with delicate movements and subtle expressions.

8 Classical Dances of India by States

There are 8 classical dances of India. Go through the points given below to learn the description and origin of these classical dances:

1. Bharatanatyam

It is one of the most renowned classical dance forms, deeply grounded in the principles outlined in Bharata’s Natyashastra. It features an extensive collection of songs in languages like Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit. The themes explored in Bharatanatyam range from human emotions to divine love, classified as shringara (romantic love) and Bhakti (devotion).

2. Kathak

It is the prominent classical dance of northern India, still widely practised in regions like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi, and more. This dance form is closely associated with the tradition of Kathakaras, or storytellers, who have transmitted scriptures, epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and Puranic literature through storytelling for centuries.

3. Kuchipudi

It is a traditional dance style from Andhra Pradesh. It was strongly influenced by the Bhakti movement, a religious and cultural revival that began around the 7th century AD. Kuchipudi is a unique form of dance that blends different elements. Dancers use intricate footwork, hand movements, and facial expressions to convey emotions and stories through the songs.

4. Odissi

This dance originated in Orissa, the easternmost state of India, where it was originally performed by female temple employees known as maharis. In the mid-20th century, Odissi was redefined as theatre art, drawing inspiration from existing dance traditions, sculptures, paintings, and medieval Orissa literature.

5. Kathakali

It is often referred to as a story play, which emerged in the 17th century in Kerala under the patronage of the prince of Karnataka. It is renowned for its performances based on the epic Ramayana in Malayalam, the local language. Elaborate costumes, intricate facial makeup, and stylised movements characterise the plays, making them a visual spectacle.

6.  Sattriya

This dance form originated in the monasteries of Assam during the 16th century. It is closely associated with the Vaishnava faith, spread by the saint and reformer Shankaradeva. Sattriya is a distinct classical dance form with a vocabulary of hand gestures, footwork, and a repertoire rooted in Krishna devotion.

7. Manipuri

This dance hails from Manipur in northeastern India and is deeply connected to the Vaishnava beliefs of the Meiteis. It is divided into two sections, jagoi, and cholom, corresponding to the lasya and tandava elements in Sanskrit literature. These are distinct styles dancers specialise in one form within this spectrum.

8. Mohiniattam

Originating in Kerala, it is named after the mythical enchantress Mohini. It is characterised by feminine grace and is closely associated with temple performances. The dance employs rhythms unique to Kerala and features instruments like the Maddalam and Edakka.

9th classical dance of India

India has a rich heritage of classical dances, and among them, the Ministry of Culture, Government of India recognised Chhau as the 9th classical dance of India. Chhau is a unique blend of folk, tribal, and martial arts, making it distinct and fascinating. The name Chhau is derived from the Sanskrit word Chaaya, meaning shadow, image, or mask. It is also linked to the Odia word ‘Chhauni,’ which means military camp. Traditionally, it is a dance performed by male troupes. Chhau dance has three main types, each originating from a different region. Each type has its features, patterns, and styles of performance and ornamentation. The classical dance of India not only showcases the skill of the dancer but also communicates profound stories from mythology and ancient texts.

1. Seraikela Chhau

It comes from the Seraikela Kharsawan District of Jharkhand. It was patronised by local administrators who were dance instructors and skilled mask makers. It’s a martial dance performed by men, and symbolic masks are integral to this type. These masks represent various characters, animals, birds, and ideas, adding depth and symbolism to the performance.

2. Mayurbhanj Chhau

It hails from the Mayurbhanj District of Odisha. It includes tribal, folk art, martial, local art forms, and classical and traditional art forms. Unlike Seraikella Chhau, Mayurbhanj Chhau does not involve the use of masks.

3. Purulia Chhau

It is from the Purulia District of West Bengal. This form stylizes and incorporates incredible spins, focusing on the triumph of good over evil. Purulia Chhau employs masks from Hindu mythology that represent its character, often accompanied by elaborate headgear.

These various classical dance forms reflect the diversity of India’s cultural heritage and the enduring influence of ancient texts and traditions in shaping its rich artistic legacy.

Classical and Folk Dances of India

The Classical and folk dances of India have striking differences. Classical dances, rooted in ancient texts like Natya Shastra, encompass Lasya and Tandava, emphasising spirituality and demanding technical precision. Trained professionals perform them, radiating grace and composure. In contrast, folk dances evolve from people’s lives, set to local music, celebrating harvests, weddings, and social gatherings. The graceful movements and expressive gestures of the classical dance of India require years of rigorous training and dedication.

Read some points related to folk dance:

1. Folk dances, like Ghoomer, Kacchi Gori Chari, and Kalbelia, focus on energy, enthusiasm, and common people’s stories, with over 30 diverse forms across India. These two dance categories reflect the unique cultural tapestry of India, combining tradition and celebration with a stark contrast in style and purpose.
2. Different communities’ customs, rituals, and daily life are connected with the folk dances of India. They provide a vibrant and joyous expression of local cultures. They offer a unique window into the heart of each community, showcasing their ideals and values naturally and joyously.
3. Folk dances play a vital role in fostering harmony, strengthening social bonds, and spreading happiness. They mirror the cultural mosaic of India, capturing the essence of various regions, from the energetic Bhangra of Punjab to the graceful Padayani of Kerala.
4. With their colourful costumes, rhythmic movements, and lively music, Indian folk dances celebrate life and tradition that continue to thrive, passing on the stories and heritage of each community. Classical dance of India, with its elaborate costumes and intricate footwork, captivates audiences both in India and around the world.
5. Indian classical dances, such as Bharatnatyam and Odissi, are not just for India. Artists like Sonal Mansingh have contributed to their worldwide popularity, making them beloved globally. They help people from other countries understand India better through their dance.
6. The Guru-Shishya Parampara, where a master teaches a student, is very important. It keeps the traditional way of dancing alive. Rukmini Devi Arundale was a great person in this. She started Kalakshetra, a place to learn these dances. She wanted to teach dance as a subject to everyone. In this way, the dance styles are handed down, modernized, and opened to a broader audience.

Classical Dance of North India

Northern India boasts a rich tapestry of classical dance styles. The classical dance of North India is Kathak. This dance form traces its origins to storytellers in the northern plains of Uttar Pradesh. Each classical dance of India has its own distinct vocabulary, with gestures (mudras) and facial expressions (abhinaya) playing a key role in performance. Originally, Kathak was a hereditary tradition, with dance routines passed down through generations.

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Learn some points about Kathak and its history:

1. The word ‘Katha’ means story, and in its early days, performers mainly acted out and mimed episodes from Hindu mythology and ancient Sanskrit epics like the Mahabharata, using some dance elements. Over time, it found its way into temples, becoming part of religious rituals as it elaborately narrated the epics.
2. By the 13th and 14th centuries, Kathak was influenced by the spiritual movement called ‘bhakti’ or ‘loving devotion,’ which began in South India and quickly spread northward. During this period, stories from Lord Krishna’s life and his consort Radha, central figures in the bhakti cult, became part of Kathak performances.
3. Kathak also became the preferred dance style of North Indian courtesans, who explored genres like thumri and Dadra to introduce a sensual and erotic element to the dance.
4. Apart from Kathak, the northern regions of India are also home to other classical dance forms like Odissi, originating from the eastern state of Orissa, and Manipuri, from North-East India.
5. Raslila is a folk tradition that mixes classical music, drama, and dance. It is not like a professional performance. There are basic scripts, but actors can improvise and follow the script again once they run out of ideas.
6. Odissi, India’s oldest classical dance, made its journey from temples to royal courts and faced suppression during British rule. In contrast, Manipuri retained its religious essence, emphasising nuanced gestures and facial expressions over ankle bells and complex footwork.

Indian Art of Classical Dance

Classical dance of India is a diversified and multicultural art form that has its roots in the country’s ancient customs and literary classics like Bharata’s Natyashastra. Bharatnatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Manipuri, Odissi, Sattriya, Kuchipudi, and Mohiniyattam are some classical dance styles that have developed over time. The classical dance of India is not just an art form; it is also a means of preserving history, culture, and storytelling through generations. Classical dances of North India, particularly Kathak, have a rich history of evolution, influenced by Mughal patronage, regional diversity, and cultural shifts, making them a vital part of India’s cultural heritage. These dances have survived the test of time and continue to enchant audiences worldwide.

Conclusion

Classical dance forms of India are a living testament to the country’s rich cultural heritage, blending intricate techniques, deep spiritual roots, and storytelling traditions. From the devotional rituals of ancient temples to modern global stages, these dance forms have evolved while maintaining their core values of grace, discipline, and expression. They reflect the diversity of India’s regions, languages, and philosophies, and continue to be a powerful medium for cultural preservation and innovation. Classical dance of India not only connects the past with the present but also plays a vital role in the global appreciation of India’s artistic legacy. As these forms evolve, they remain integral to India’s cultural identity, offering a window into its history, values, and artistic excellence.

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