Plateaus in India: 7 Amazing Types & it's Formation

India has several notable plateaus, each with unique characteristics and formation processes. The central plateaus in India include the Deccan Plateau, Marwar Plateau, Central Highland, Bundelkhand Upland, Malwa Plateau, Baghelkhand Plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau, Meghalaya Plateau, and Maharashtra Plateau. Plateaus are unique geographical features covering significant surface areas of the Earth. They are often referred to as tablelands or mesas due to their extensive, flat tops and steep sides. Plateaus in India are formed through various geological processes, including the collision of two continental plates, which causes the land to be pushed upward, and volcanic eruptions, where lava flows build up over time to create a flat, elevated surface.

These plateaus are rich in minerals, making them crucial for mining activities. Their fertile soils also support extensive agriculture and are home to diverse ecosystems contributing to biodiversity. Understanding the formation and importance of plateaus helps us appreciate these unique landforms and their contributions to India’s geography and economy.

What is a Plateau?

A plateau is a flat-topped landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area. Due to its extensive, leveled surface, it is often referred to as a tableland. Plateaus in India are formed through various geological processes, including volcanic activity, tectonic movements, and erosion.

Volcanic activity involves repeated lava flows that build up over time, creating a flat, elevated surface. Tectonic movements occur when the Earth’s crust is pushed upward due to the collision or separation of tectonic plates, resulting in elevated landforms. Erosion, caused by wind, water, and ice, gradually wears away the surrounding land, leaving the higher land intact as a plateau. Plateaus in India are rich in minerals, making them crucial for mining activities. 

How are plateaus formed?

Plateaus are created through a variety of geological processes. One typical method is tectonic uplift, in which the Earth’s crust is pushed upward, resulting in elevated landforms. Plateaus can also be generated by volcanic activity, in which successive lava eruptions accumulate over time, resulting in a level or gradually sloping surface. Erosion and weathering also contribute to the formation of plateaus. The surrounding lands are steadily eroded by wind, water, and ice, but the elevated plateau remains largely intact.

1. Glacial Activity: During the ice ages, glaciers covered vast areas; as they melted away, they left behind flat terrain, which formed an interglacial plateau.
2. Volcanic Activity: This happens when hot lava from a volcano flows out, spreads out, and cools down, creating a nice flat surface.
3. Erosion: Over time, the land gets gradually worn down by wind, water, or ice, which shapes it into flat and elevated areas.
4. Tectonic Movements: Movements in the Earth’s crust can lift land, resulting in a high, flat region known as a plateau.
5. Dissected by Rivers: Rivers and streams can carve deep valleys into elevated land, creating a dissected plateau.
6. Lava Flow: When lava pours out, cools, and solidifies, it forms a flat and elevated landscape.

Types of Plateaus in India

India has several breathtaking plateaus with unique geological features, climate, and cultural significance. These elevated landforms are crucial in shaping the country’s geography and supporting diverse ecosystems. From the vast Deccan Plateau to the rugged Ladakh Plateau, there are seven excellent types of plateaus in India that showcase the nation’s natural beauty and rich heritage.

1. Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau is the most extensive plateau in India, covering much of central and southern India. It spans several states, including Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Formed by ancient volcanic activity, the Deccan Plateau is rich in minerals like coal, iron ore, and manganese.

• Location: The Deccan Plateau spans a vast central and southern India area.
• States Covered: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
• Formation: This plateau is volcanic, formed by ancient lava flows that solidified over time. The lava flows created a large, flat area above the surrounding regions.
• Importance: The Deccan Plateau is incredibly rich in minerals such as coal, iron ore, and manganese, making it a crucial area for mining activities. The plateau’s fertile soil supports extensive agriculture, including cotton, sugarcane, and rice. Additionally, the region has diverse forests that provide valuable timber and support wildlife.

2. Malwa Plateau

The Malwa Plateau is in central India, primarily in Madhya Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. It was formed by ancient lava flows and is known for its fertile black soil, ideal for growing cotton.

• Location: The Malwa Plateau is situated in central India.
• States Covered: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.
• Formation: The Malwa Plateau is volcanic, formed by ancient lava flows. The lava flows created fertile black soil, which is ideal for agriculture.
• Importance: The Malwa Plateau is known for its black soil, particularly suitable for growing cotton. The region is also famous for its historical sites, such as Mandu, which attract tourists worldwide. The plateau’s agricultural productivity and historical significance make it an important area in India.

3. Chota Nagpur Plateau

The Chota Nagpur Plateau is in eastern India, spanning Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal. Formed through tectonic activity, it is rich in minerals such as coal, iron ore, and mica, making it a major mining hub.

• Location: This plateau is located in eastern India.
• States Covered: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal.
• Formation: The Chota Nagpur Plateau was formed through tectonic activity, where movements in the Earth’s crust uplifted the land.
• Importance: Rich in minerals like coal, iron, and mica, the Chota Nagpur Plateau is a major mining hub. The region’s mineral wealth supports numerous industries, including steel production and coal mining. The plateau’s rugged terrain and dense forests also provide habitats for various wildlife species.

4. Bundelkhand Plateau

The Bundelkhand Plateau is located in northern-central India, covering parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It was formed through tectonic upliftment and features rugged terrain and rocky outcrops.

• Location: The Bundelkhand Plateau is found in northern-central India.
• States Covered: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh.
• Formation: Formed through tectonic upliftment, the Bundelkhand Plateau features rocky terrain and rugged landscapes.
• Importance: This plateau is rich in granite and sandstone, making it significant for construction materials. The region is also historically significant, with many ancient forts, temples, and monuments that reflect India’s rich cultural heritage. The plateau’s unique geological features and historical sites make it a fascinating area to explore.

5. Meghalaya Plateau

The Meghalaya Plateau is located in northeastern India, primarily in Meghalaya. It is part of the larger Shillong Plateau and is known for its scenic beauty, with rolling hills, deep valleys, and numerous waterfalls.

• Location: The Meghalaya Plateau is located in northeastern India.
• States Covered: Meghalaya.
• Formation: Part of the larger Shillong Plateau, the Meghalaya Plateau, was formed through tectonic upliftment and erosion.
• Importance: Known for its heavy rainfall, the Meghalaya Plateau is home to some of the wettest places on Earth, such as Mawsynram and Cherrapunji. The region’s lush greenery and diverse flora and fauna make it a biodiversity hotspot. The plateau’s scenic beauty and unique climate attract tourists and researchers alike.

6. Kathiawar Plateau

The Kathiawar Plateau is located in western India, primarily in Gujarat. It is volcanic and rich in minerals such as limestone and bauxite. The plateau supports various industries, including cement production and aluminum manufacturing.

• Location: The Kathiawar Plateau is situated in western India.
• States Covered: Gujarat.
• Formation: This plateau is volcanic and formed by ancient lava flows.
• Importance: Rich in limestone and bauxite, the Kathiawar Plateau supports various industries, including cement production and aluminum manufacturing. The region is also home to the Gir National Park, the last refuge of the Asiatic lion. The plateau’s geological features and wildlife make it an important area for conservation and tourism.

7. Ladakh Plateau

The Ladakh Plateau is located in northern India, primarily in the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Formed through tectonic upliftment, it features high-altitude desert landscapes with stunning mountains, valleys, and lakes.

• Location: The Ladakh Plateau is found in northern India.
• States Covered: Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh.
• Formation: Formed through tectonic upliftment, the Ladakh Plateau features high-altitude desert landscapes.
• Importance: This cold desert region is known for its stunning landscapes, including mountains, valleys, and lakes. The plateau is vital for tourism, attracting visitors with its unique cultural heritage and natural beauty. Additionally, Ladakh holds strategic significance for defense due to its location near international borders.

These plateaus in India showcase the country’s diverse geological features and rich natural resources. Understanding their formation and importance helps us appreciate the varied landscapes and their contributions to India’s economy and culture. 

Features of Plateaus in India

1. Elevation: Averages between 600 and 900 meters above mean sea level.
2. Shape: Roughly triangular, with a broad southern base tapering to Kanyakumari.
3. Extent: The northern boundary stretches from Kutch via the Aravalis to Delhi, then follows the Yamuna and Ganga to the Rajmahal Hills and Delta.
4. Boundaries: Enclosed by the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Bharmer, and Rajmahal Hills in the north, the Western Ghats in the west, and the Eastern Ghats in the east.
5. Area: Covers 16 lakh sq. km, constituting nearly half of India’s total area.
6. Composition: Formed of ancient schists and Archaean rocks, creating a stable, minimally altered shield.
7. Slope: Predominantly slopes from west to east, directing most rivers (except Narmada and Tapi) to drain into the Bay of Bengal.

Lists of Plateaus in India with States

Here is the list of Plateaus in India with states:

Name	States
Deccan Plateau	Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Chota Nagpur Plateau	Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh
Malwa Plateau	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
Karnataka Plateau	Karnataka
Meghalaya Plateau	Meghalaya, Assam, parts of Nagaland
Bundelkhand Plateau	Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
Marwar Plateau	Rajasthan

Significance of Peninsular Plateau

1. Abundance of Minerals: Rich deposits underpin robust industrial growth and economic progress.
2. Fertile Black Soils: Nutrient-dense soils significantly enhance agricultural output, especially for cotton.
3. Dense Forests: Expansive forests serve as crucial carbon sinks while preserving diverse ecosystems.
4. Natural Habitat: Varied landscapes nurture unique habitats that support endemic species.
5. River Flowing Through the Plateau: Vital rivers provide essential water for irrigation, consumption, and hydropower.
6. Hill Resorts: Scenic hill resorts boost tourism and promote sustainable economic opportunities.

Importance of Plateaus in India

Plateaus in India play a crucial role in various aspects of the country’s geography, economy, and ecology. These elevated flatlands, known as plateaus, are significant for several reasons:

1. Rich in Minerals:

Many plateaus in India are abundant in minerals such as coal, iron, copper, and mica. These minerals are essential for various industries and mining activities. For example, the Chota Nagpur Plateau is known for its rich coal and iron ore deposits, making it a significant mining hub. The extraction and processing of these minerals contribute significantly to India’s industrial growth and economic development.

2. Agriculture and Livelihood:

The fertile soils found in some plateaus, like the Malwa Plateau, are ideal for agriculture. These regions support cultivating various crops, providing food and livelihood for many people. The black soil of the Malwa Plateau is particularly suitable for growing cotton. Additionally, plateaus offer grazing lands for cattle and sheep, supporting pastoral communities and contributing to the rural economy.

3. Biodiversity and Forests:

Plateaus in India are home to diverse flora and fauna, making them essential for biodiversity. They support central wildlife reserves such as the Gir Forest and Satpura National Park. These protected areas are crucial for conserving various species, including the Asiatic lion in Gir Forest. The unique ecosystems on plateaus contribute to India’s rich natural heritage and ecological balance.

4. Water Resources:

Many rivers originate from plateaus, providing essential water resources for irrigation and drinking. For instance, the Godavari and Krishna rivers, originating from the Deccan Plateau, are vital for agriculture and water supply in the surrounding regions. These rivers help sustain the livelihoods of millions of people and support agricultural productivity.

5. Tourism and Cultural Heritage:

Plateaus in India have significant historical and cultural importance. Sites like Hampi on the Deccan Plateau and Ujjain on the Malwa Plateau are rich in cultural heritage and attract numerous tourists. These regions’ scenic beauty, waterfalls, and caves also draw visitors, boosting tourism and contributing to the local economy. The cultural landmarks and natural attractions on plateaus help preserve India’s heritage and promote tourism.

Understanding the importance of plateaus in India helps us appreciate their multifaceted contributions to the country’s geography, economy, and ecology. These unique landforms, known as plateaus, are essential for mineral resources, agriculture, biodiversity, water supply, and tourism, making them vital to India’s overall development and prosperity

Major Hill Ranges of Peninsular India

The Indian Peninsular Plateau, also known as the Deccan Plateau, is marked by ancient rock formations and unique hill ranges that have shaped its geography, climate, and cultural heritage.

1. The Aravalli Range

• Location: Extends for approximately 800 km from Delhi to Palanpur in Gujarat, with its northeastern terminus marked by the Delhi Ridge.
• Formation: These are remnants of one of Earth’s oldest fold mountain systems.
• Elevation: Generally between 400 and 600 m.
• Notable Peaks:
  • Mount Abu – 1158 m
  • Guru Shikhar – 1722 m (the highest peak)

2. The Vindhyan Range

• Location: It lies south of the Malwa Plateau and runs parallel to the Narmada Valley, stretching over 1200 km from Jobat in Gujarat to Sasaram in Bihar.
• Formation: Formed as a block mountain system due to cracks in the Earth’s crust.
• Elevation: Typically between 300 and 650 m.
• Composition: The western portion is notably covered with lava, primarily horizontally bedded ancient sedimentary rocks.
• Hydrology: Drained by several rivers such as the Betwa, Ken, and Chambal.
• Subdivisions:
  • Kaimur Range – The northern branch, extending north of the Son River to western Bihar.
  • Bharner Hills – The southern branch, positioned between the upper reaches of the Son and Narmada rivers, merging with the Satpura Range.

3. The Satpura Range

• Overview: Named for its structure comprising seven block mountains (with ‘Sat’ meaning seven in Sanskrit and ‘Pura’ meaning mountains).
• Location: Located in the Peninsular Plateau, it extends east-west between the Narmada and Tapi rivers, covering roughly 900 km.
• Hydrology: Drained by significant rivers, including the Narmada, Wainganga, Wardha, and Tapi.
• Notable Peaks:
  • Dhupgarh – 1350 m (near Pachmarhi on the Mahadev Hills)
  • Astamba Dongar – 1325 m
  • Amarkantak – 1127 m

4. The Western Ghats (Sahyadris)

• Location: This mountain range runs parallel to the western coast of India, serving as a barrier between the Deccan Plateau to its east and the coastal plains and Arabian Sea to its west. It extends from the Tapi Valley to just north of Kanyakumari.
• Topography: Characterized by steep, terraced, flat-topped hills with an abrupt rise on the western side and a more gradual slope on the eastern side.
• Divisions:
  • Northern Section:
    • Features: Horizontal sheets of Deccan lavas.
    • Notable Peaks: Kalsubai (1646 m) and Salher (1567 m), along with significant passes like Thalghat and Bhorghat, facilitate transit between the coastal plain and the plateau.
  • Central Section:
    • Composition: Dominated by granites and gneisses.
    • Notable Peaks: Doddabetta (2637 m), Makurti (2554 m), Vavul Mala (2339 m), Kudremukh (1892 m), and Pushpagiri (1714 m).
  • Southern Section:
    • Notable Peak: Anai Mudi (2695 m), the highest peak in the peninsular plateau region and southern India.
    • Subdivisions: From Anai Mudi, three distinct ranges emerge:
      • Anaimalai Hills (1800–2000 m) to the north
      • Palni Hills (900–1200 m) to the northeast
      • Cardamom Hills (1000–1500 m) to the south
    • Additional Feature: The Agasthyamalai Hills, known for their unique endemic species, lie at the southern end.

5. The Eastern Ghats

• Overview: A series of discontinuous and detached mountain ranges along the eastern edge of the Indian Peninsular Plateau.
• Location: Stretching from the Mahanadi in Odisha to the Vagai in Tamil Nadu, with the Bay of Bengal to the east.
• Topography: Unlike the Western Ghats, these ranges are fragmented, comprising isolated hills rather than a continuous chain.
• Divisions:
  • Northern Eastern Ghats:
    • Key Features: It lies between the Mahanadi and the Godavari Valley.
    • Notable Ranges include the Maliya and Madugula Ranges, with peaks like Mahendra Giri (1501 m) and Arma Konda (1680 m), among others.
  • Southern Eastern Ghats:
    • Key Features: Located between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers.
    • Notable Ranges and Hills:
      • The Nallamalai Range (with its southern part known as the Palkonda Range)
      • Javadi Hills in northern Tamil Nadu
      • Shevroy-Kalrayan Hills and Biligiri Rangan Hills, the latter straddling the border between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Integration: At its southern extent, the Eastern Ghats merge with the Western Ghats, contributing to a complex interplay of climatic and ecological systems.

Conclusion

Plateaus in India play a crucial role in the nation’s economy and geography. They offer rich mineral deposits—such as coal and iron on the Chota Nagpur Plateau—and fertile soils, like the black soil of the Malwa Plateau, ideal for cotton cultivation. Additionally, these flatlands provide grazing lands and support diverse ecosystems, including wildlife reserves like Gir Forest and Satpura National Park. The expansive Deccan Plateau, the most extensive plateau in India, further enriches the landscape with its vast stretch and abundant natural resources. With significant historical and cultural sites such as Hampi and Ujjain, plateaus also boost tourism and local livelihoods.

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